Behavior and Conduct of Scholars from the Perspective of Public Epistemology: A Look at the Spiritual Conduct of Ayatollah Kohestani
Keywords:
Ayatollah Kohistani, Behshahr Seminary, Moral Character, MemoirsAbstract
The ethical conduct and practical behavior of religious scholars are renowned among believers and serve as a guiding path for people's lives. To comprehend the status of jurists who embody the divine attributes, it is essential to recognize their presence within society. Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammad Kohestani (1888–1972) was among the jurists and scholars of the recent century, originating from the eastern region of Mazandaran. After completing his studies and religious devotion, he established the Kohestan Seminary in the city of Ashraf al-Bilad, now known as Behshahr. The behavioral approach and social interactions of this pious jurist, along with the enduring legacy of his noble character, can be discerned through the lived experiences and memories of the people of his time. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical method and relying on documentary studies and primarily field observations, aims to re-examine the spiritual conduct and practical behavior of Ayatollah Kohestani. This is achieved by analyzing the memories and perspectives of his associates and relatives by marriage, with the objective of gaining insight into his epistemological stance. The goal is to present a tangible example of an Islamic lifestyle. The research findings support the hypothesis that, based on descriptions and viewpoints of acquaintances, Ayatollah Kohestani's detachment from worldly desires, piety, and practical commitment to seeking divine satisfaction, simplicity in living, instilling hope among believers, addressing societal issues, and other such qualities were well-recognized truths.
Downloads
References
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. https://ia601408.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.199562/2015.199562.Pattern-And-Growth-In-Personality_text.pdf
Bugental, J. F. T. (1965). The Search for Authenticity: An Existential-Analytic Approach to Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. https://a.co/d/4cz3O4L
Bugental, J. F. T., Schneider, K. J., & Pierson, J. F. (2014). The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice. California: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483387864
Darabi, J. (2018). Theories of personality psychology (Comparative approach). Tehran: Ayij Publishing.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). Self-determination Theory: When Mind Mediates Behavior. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 1(1), 33-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43852807
Feast, G. J., Roberts, T., & Face, J. (2012). Theories of personality. Tehran: Ravan Publishing.
Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. California: Touchstone. https://a.co/d/7QFIZ1c
Ibn Manzur, M. b. M. (1993). Lisan al-Arab (Vol. 2). Beirut: Dar al-Sader.
Kamalvand, P., & Mohammad Ali Nejad, R. (2016). Comparative conceptualization of self-esteem in the Quran and humanistic psychology. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy Culture, 7(27), 1-32.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1995). Tafsir-e Namuneh (Vol. 14). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Insight Books; D. Van Nostrand Company. https://archive.org/details/towardpsychology1968masl/page/n8/mode/1up
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality. Longman Publishers. https://a.co/d/4FlO206
Maslow, A. H. (1993). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. Louisiana: Arkana. https://a.co/d/fys7dNN
Miri, S. M. H., & Khademi Afzal, F. (2018). An examination and critique of Abraham Maslow's view on self-actualization with an emphasis on Islamic sources. Journal of Comparative Exegesis Studies, 4(7), 57-78.
Noorbala, A. A. (2011). Mental-social health and strategies for improvement. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 17(2), 151-156.
Pourafkari, N. (2003). Comprehensive dictionary of psychology and psychiatry and related fields. Tehran: Contemporary Culture Publishing.
Raghib Isfahani, H. b. M. (1993). Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Quran. Damascus, Beirut: Dar al-Qalam.
Rogers, C. R. (1995a). On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy. California: HarperOne. https://a.co/d/cArrBd8
Rogers, C. R. (1995b). A Way of Being. California: HarperOne. https://a.co/d/78G7jj7
Rosenberg, M., & Owen, J. (2020). Self-esteem and its role in resilience. London: Sage Publications.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2012). Theories of personality. Tehran: Virayesh Publishing.
Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2021). Social psychology. New York: Psychology Press.
Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2014). Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths. New York: SAGE Publications. https://a.co/d/30RzFhv
Tabatabai, M. H. (1997). Al-Mizan (Vol. 6). Qom: Dar al-Ilm.
Veysi, O., Amiri, M., & Mohammadi, M. (2021). A comparative study of the concept of mental health from the perspective of Islam and modern psychology. Journal of New Advances in Psychology, 4(40), 23-45.
Alam al-Huda, A. (2022). Speech at the pre-conference of Ayatollah Kouhestani.
Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, M. H. (2009). Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Vol. 24). Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Balkhari, H. (2022). Speech at the pre-conference of Ayatollah Kouhestani.
Dargahi, Z. (2012). Kabeer Kouhestani. Tehran: Rasanesh Novin.
Fazeli, A. A. (2022). Interview.
Ibn Babawayh Qummi, M. B. A. (1983). Al-Khisal. Qom: Society of Teachers.
Islami, V. (2022). Interview.
Kouhestani, A. (2002). On the peak of piety. Qom: Institute for the Emergence of Imam al-Mahdi (A.S.).
Kulayni, M. B. Y. (2027). Al-Kafi (Vol. 1). Tehran: Dar al-Hadith.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (2008). Tafsir al-Masail. Tehran: Payam Adalat.
Miri, S. E. (2022). Interview.
Moghaddas Zadeh, M. (2022). Interview.
Qajar, M. J. (2022). Interview.
Rabbani, A. (1999). Faiz Arshi. Tehran: Islamic Propagation Organization.
Rezaei, S. (2022). Interview.
Sadeqi Golvardi, S. (2024). Interview.
Saidi, R. (2022). From Kiasar to Khormal. Tehran: Ya Zahra.
Seyed Kobra, A. (2008). Shia seminaries around the world. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Taqavi, S. T. (2022). Interview.
Yousofi, A. (2022). Interview.
Yousofi, M. (2008). The Spirit of Kindness (Vol. 2). Qom: Khorshid Hedayat.
