Analysis of the Influence of Mystical Themes on the Formation of the Physical Geometry of the Mausoleum of Sheikh Kalkhoran in Ardabil

Abstract

Mysticism constitutes one of the fundamental foundations of Islamic worldview, manifesting in various aspects of Muslim life. The expansion and permeation of mystical beliefs and thoughts among artisans and craftsmen during different periods of Islamic history—particularly during the Safavid era—led to the application and abstract integration of mystical concepts in the physical and geometric structures of architectural works and edifices of that time. The exploration of artistic and architectural creativity in combining architecture with mystical themes across spatial configurations presents a significant subject of inquiry and appears to reveal neglected dimensions of Iranian architecture. Funerary architecture is one of the architectural typologies where mystical concepts were most vividly reflected. One of the notable monuments of the Safavid period is the mausoleum of Sheikh Amin al-Din Jibra’il located in Kalkhoran. The primary aim of this study is to analyze the impact of mystical themes on the formation of the geometry and physical proportions of the Sheikh Kalkhoran mausoleum. Relying on historical sources and field observations, and employing a descriptive-analytical method, the study examines the presence of mystical concepts within the geometry and architectural proportions of the mausoleum. The findings indicate that the structure of the Sheikh Kalkhoran mausoleum was shaped in accordance with mystical thought. These mystical ideas, rooted in the hierarchical journey of the mystic—from yearning (talab) to unity and spiritual perfection—are embodied in the spatial architectural concepts perceived by the viewer, and are reflected in each architectural element of the structure. The architect, through the physical form of architecture (plan and elevations), endeavors to manifest mysticism and Sufism. The mystical hierarchy—including the stages of yearning (talab), continuity and perseverance, contemplation and silence, unity, and submission—is translated into architectural concepts: yearning is embodied in the entrance gateway and the stairway, continuity and perseverance in the repetition of architectural elements, contemplation and silence in pause spaces and circular motifs, unity in the transformation of square-shaped spaces into circles, and ultimately submission is symbolized under the domes. This mathematically oriented relationship, derived from the spiritual discipline (riyāḍah) of the mystics, remains hidden in the corners of these sacred spaces.