Comparison of Imam Muhammad Ghazali and Thomas Aquinas' Theories on the Ideal Government

Abstract

One of the important questions for thinkers in both the Islamic and Western worlds has been the establishment of government and the quest for an ideal governance model. In this regard, examining the ideas and thoughts of two thinkers, Ghazali and Thomas Aquinas, is of significant interest. Therefore, the present paper aims to explore and identify the political ideas of Imam Muhammad Ghazali and Thomas Aquinas concerning the ideal government. The central research question posed is: How can the theories of Imam Muhammad Ghazali and Thomas Aquinas about the ideal government be compared and formulated? In this regard, the study utilizes discourse analysis principles to elaborate on each thinker’s views. The findings of this analysis indicate that Ghazali's ideal model of politics and governance is centered on the caliphate and monarchy; he regards the sultan as the foundation of the realm. Practically, Ghazali maintains good relations with the caliph, sultan, and viziers, and is consulted by them. He takes every opportunity to convey his ideas and thoughts, using his advice to help them choose the right course of action. On the other hand, Aquinas considers monarchy the best form of government, believing it to be more natural and likening the governance of reason to other functions of the soul. Furthermore, the presence of elements overseeing the king's power makes his model of ideal government similar to the constitutional monarchy of the modern era.