The Intellectual Foundations of Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: A Study of Akhlaq-i Nasiri and Tajrid al-I'tiqad
Keywords:
Nasirian ethics, abstraction of belief, justiceAbstract
Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi is one of the greatest and most influential Islamic thinkers, known for his numerous innovations and writings during the 13th century CE. His intellectual legacy has continued to capture the attention of scholars—especially those in the Islamic tradition—for centuries. It is evident that analyzing the intellectual foundations in the thought of any Muslim philosopher is of great importance. Al-Tusi is one such thinker who, in his works, has addressed a wide array of themes, including mystical theology, ethics, and philosophy, offering profound insights and producing invaluable contributions to Islamic and mystical literature. The present study aims to explore and examine two of al-Tusi’s seminal works: Akhlaq-i Nasiri and Tajrid al-I'tiqad. Employing descriptive and analytical methods, this research is based on data collected through library sources. The findings indicate that al-Tusi refers to various theological and philosophical subjects in these works, the most significant of which include: justice, the rational basis of moral good and evil, divine wisdom, fate and destiny, obligation, divine grace, and issues related to prophethood, imamate, the afterlife, reward and punishment, the concepts of foiling of deeds (ihbat), and takfir (excommunication). His perspectives on these foundational theological dimensions are thoroughly explicated in this study.
Downloads
References
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. https://ia601408.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.199562/2015.199562.Pattern-And-Growth-In-Personality_text.pdf
Bugental, J. F. T. (1965). The Search for Authenticity: An Existential-Analytic Approach to Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. https://a.co/d/4cz3O4L
Bugental, J. F. T., Schneider, K. J., & Pierson, J. F. (2014). The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice. California: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483387864
Darabi, J. (2018). Theories of personality psychology (Comparative approach). Tehran: Ayij Publishing.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). Self-determination Theory: When Mind Mediates Behavior. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 1(1), 33-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43852807
Feast, G. J., Roberts, T., & Face, J. (2012). Theories of personality. Tehran: Ravan Publishing.
Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. California: Touchstone. https://a.co/d/7QFIZ1c
Ibn Manzur, M. b. M. (1993). Lisan al-Arab (Vol. 2). Beirut: Dar al-Sader.
Kamalvand, P., & Mohammad Ali Nejad, R. (2016). Comparative conceptualization of self-esteem in the Quran and humanistic psychology. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy Culture, 7(27), 1-32.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1995). Tafsir-e Namuneh (Vol. 14). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Insight Books; D. Van Nostrand Company. https://archive.org/details/towardpsychology1968masl/page/n8/mode/1up
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality. Longman Publishers. https://a.co/d/4FlO206
Maslow, A. H. (1993). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. Louisiana: Arkana. https://a.co/d/fys7dNN
Miri, S. M. H., & Khademi Afzal, F. (2018). An examination and critique of Abraham Maslow's view on self-actualization with an emphasis on Islamic sources. Journal of Comparative Exegesis Studies, 4(7), 57-78.
Noorbala, A. A. (2011). Mental-social health and strategies for improvement. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 17(2), 151-156.
Pourafkari, N. (2003). Comprehensive dictionary of psychology and psychiatry and related fields. Tehran: Contemporary Culture Publishing.
Raghib Isfahani, H. b. M. (1993). Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Quran. Damascus, Beirut: Dar al-Qalam.
Rogers, C. R. (1995a). On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy. California: HarperOne. https://a.co/d/cArrBd8
Rogers, C. R. (1995b). A Way of Being. California: HarperOne. https://a.co/d/78G7jj7
Rosenberg, M., & Owen, J. (2020). Self-esteem and its role in resilience. London: Sage Publications.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2012). Theories of personality. Tehran: Virayesh Publishing.
Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2021). Social psychology. New York: Psychology Press.
Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2014). Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths. New York: SAGE Publications. https://a.co/d/30RzFhv
Tabatabai, M. H. (1997). Al-Mizan (Vol. 6). Qom: Dar al-Ilm.
Veysi, O., Amiri, M., & Mohammadi, M. (2021). A comparative study of the concept of mental health from the perspective of Islam and modern psychology. Journal of New Advances in Psychology, 4(40), 23-45.
Cicero. (1928). Republic. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Daftari, F. (2012). Nasir al-Din Tusi and the Ismailis of the Alamut Period.
Halabi, A. A. (1993). History of Political Thought in Iran and the Islamic World. Tehran: Behbahani Publishing.
Hilli, H. B. Y. (1994). Kashf al-Murad fi Sharh Tajrid al-I'tiqad. Qom: Islamic Publishing Foundation.
Hosseinizadeh, M. A. (2004). Discourse Theory and Political Analysis. Political Science Quarterly, 7(28).
Jamshidi, M. H. (1998). Political Thought of Martyr Sadr, Imam Muhammad Baqir Sadr. Tehran: Institute for Printing and Publishing of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Khavadian Damghani, R. (2003). Ramadan: The Face of Justice in the Quran and Hadith. Tehran: Luh Mahfuz.
Mohajernia, M. (2001). Political Thought of Ibn Maskuyah. Qom: Bustan Ketab.
Motahari, M. (1982). Divine Justice. Qom: Society of Teachers of Qom Seminary, Islamic Publications Office.
Nahj, a.-B.
Naraghi, M. A. (2004). Miraj al-Sa'adah. Tehran: Bustan Tawhid.
Nazarzadeh Kermani, F. (1997). Principles and Foundations of Al-Farabi's Political Philosophy. Tehran: Al-Zahra University.
Razi, F. (2028). Al-Matalib al-Aliyya min al-Ilm al-Ilahi. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
Sabzevari, M. H. (2004). Asrar al-Hikmah. Qom: Religious Publications.
Tabatabai, S. J. (1994). Decline of Political Thought in Iran. Tehran: Kavir.
Tusi, K. N. a.-D. (1960). Akhlaq-i Mohtashami and Three Other Treatises. Tehran: University of Tehran Publishing.
Tusi, K. N. a.-D. (1983). Awsaf al-Ashraf. Tehran: Bouzarjomehr.
Tusi, K. N. a.-D. (1994). Akhlaq-i Nasiri. Tehran: Islamic Scientific Publications.
